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U.S.
NTFP Species Database
Additional
Information for Fungi Harvested
For Food or Flavoring
About
the Data
Books and Articles
Web sites
Scientific Names
Common
Names
Language Codes
Taxonomy
State Range and
Distribution
There exists
many more edible species of mushrooms in the United States than
those listed in this database. We have provided information for
forest species that we know are harvested and sold, or that are
likely to be harvested and sold because they resemble choice edible
species (for instance, Leccinum species that resemble King Boletes in
stature and light-colored pores).
We have
excluded species that have been commercially harvested in the past,
but are now considered dangerous to eat. These include the early
morels (Verpa species), the false morels (Gyromitra species) and
man-on-horseback (Tricholoma flavovirens). We have also excluded
edible Amanita species due to the danger of misidentification and
consumption of poisonous or deadly species. The “Lobster mushroom”
is actually two fungi in one. Hypomyces lactiflorum parasitizes
and completely encases other mushrooms. There is always a risk that
Hypomyces is colonizing a poisonous mushroom, but on the west coast
it almost always colonizes the edible Russula brevipes and is widely
collected and sold. Our distribution information includes only
western habitats as there is a greater risk of Hypomyces colonizing
inedible mushrooms in the eastern United States. If you harvest and
sell the Lobster mushroom, you should only collect from areas where
non-infected specimens are available for identification. Even this
approach does not provide certainty of the parasitized mushroom’s
identity as mushroom species often fruit in intermixed patterns.
For more
information on edible mushroom species, see the Books and Articles
section immediately below, especially Fischer and Bessette 1992.
Arora,D. 1986.
Mushrooms demystified. Second edition. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed
Press.959 p.
Arora, D.
1991. All that the rain promises and more... A hip pocket guide to
western mushrooms. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed Press. 263 p.
Alan E. Bessette, William C. Roody, and Arleen R. B 2000.North
American boletes : a color guide to the fleshy pored mushrooms
/Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press
Bandoni, R.J.; Szczawinski, A.F. 1976. Guide to common mushrooms of
British Columbia. Handbook No. 24. Victoria, Canada: British
Columbia Provincial Museum. 242 p.
Barron, G. 1999. Mushrooms of Ontario and Eastern Canada. Lone Pine
Field Guide. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing. 336 p.
Bessette, A.; Sundberg, W. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference
guide to mushrooms of North America. Macmillan Field Guide Series.
New York, NY: Collier Books.170 p.
Bessette, A.E.; Bessette, A.R.; Fischer, D.W. 1997. Mushrooms of
northeastern North America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
582 p.
Biek, D. 1984. Mushrooms of northern California. Redding, CA: Spore
Prints. 302 p.
Bigelow, Howard E. 1974. The mushroom pocket field guide Imprint
New York, Macmillan
Courtenay, B.; Burdsall, H.H. Jr. 1982. A field guide to mushrooms
and their relatives. New York, NY: Van Norstrand Reinhold. 144 p.
Desjardin, D. E. Hemmes, D. E. 2002. Mushrooms of Hawaii: An
Identification Guide. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed Press 212 p.
Evenson, V.S. 1997. Mushrooms of Colorado and the southern Rocky
Mountains. Denver Botanic Gardens & Denver Museum of Natural
History. Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers. 207 p.
Fischer, D.W.;
Bessette, A.E. 1992. Edible wild mushrooms of North America: a
field-to-kitchen guide. Austin, TX: University of Austin Press. 254
p.
Glick, P.G. 1979. The mushroom trail guide. New York, NY:Holt
Rinehart Winston. 247 p.
Groves, J. W.; [Addendum by Redhead, S. A.]. 1979. Edible and
poisonous mushrooms of Canada. Publication 1112. Ottawa, ON:
Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 326 p.
Hosford, D.; Pilz, D.; Molina, R.; Amaranthus, M. 1997.Ecology and
Management of the Commercially Harvested American Matsutake
Mushroom. Gen. Tech. Rep.PNW-GTR-412. Portland, OR: US Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
68 p.
Huffman, D.M.; Tiffany, L.H., Knaphus, G. 1989. Mushrooms& other
fungi of the mid continental United States. Ames, IO: Iowa State
University Press. 326p.
Kibby, G. 1992. American nature guides. Mushrooms and other fungi.
New York: Smithmark Publishing. 192 p.
Lincoff, G.H. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North
American mushrooms. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 926 p.
McKenny, M.; Stuntz D.E.; Ammirati, J.F. 1987. The new savory wild
mushroom. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 249 p.
McKnight, K.H.; McKnight, V.B. 1987. Peterson field guide. A field
guide to mushrooms. North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 429
p.
Miller, O.K. Jr. 1978. Mushrooms of North America. New York: E. P.
Dutton. 360 p.
Molina, R.; O'Dell, T.; Luoma, D.; [and others] 1993.Biology,
ecology and social aspects of wild edible mushrooms in the forests
of the Pacific Northwest: a preface to managing commercial harvest.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-309. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 42
p.
Orr, R.T.; Orr, D.B. 1979. Mushrooms of western North America.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 293 p.
Phillips, R. 1991. Mushrooms of North America. Boston, MD: Little,
Brown and Co. 319 p.
North American Mycological Societies
http://www.mykoweb.com/na_mycos.html
Mushroom links (TheWWW Virtual Library: Mycology by Kathie
Hodge)
http://www.keil.ukans.edu/%7Efungi/
MykoWeb by Micheal Wood
http://www.mykoweb.com
Scientific Names
With the recent application of molecular techniques of genetic
analysis, the taxonomic classification of many fungi are undergoing
extensive revision. Therefore many scientific (Latin) names are in
the process of being modified, altered, or reassigned. For our
purposes, we consulted two online authorities for fungal names
(listed below) and included many previously accepted names in our
database. If you are uncertain about the most widely accepted and
current name for a species, we suggest you also consult these
databases as they are updated periodically. These sources are not
in complete agreement because they are operated by different
individuals and institutions, but each cooperates extensively with
taxonomic experts around the world.
The CABI Bioscience International Mycological Institute and the
Fungal Biodiversity Center of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts
and Sciences host the web based Index Fungorum, also known as the “Funindex.” It is a searchable database of all fungal names
globally and also lists higher level taxonomic classifications and
prior synonyms for each species.
Information about the database can be found at: http://www.indexfungorum.org/
and the database can be searched at: http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP
Within the United States, the fungal database hosted by United
States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS),
Systematic
Botany and Mycology Laboratory in
Beltsville, Maryland is the most definitive source of fungal names.
Their databases allow a variety of searches including nomenclature,
host tree species, collection locations, bibliographic information,
and synonyms. It does not give information about taxonomic
classification or rank above genus level. Their data is extensive
for saprobic (decay) and parasitic fungi, but lack most
ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.
The USDA-ARS home page is:
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/index.htm
And the databases may be searched at:
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/GenericSelectionFrame.cfm
The North
American Mycological Association (NAMA) is undertaking a project to
compile common names for American fungi. You can read about it in
their newsletter or contact the association.
Commission on
Common Mushroom Names The Mycophile 41:6, Nov/Dec 2000
http://www.namyco.org/publish/pub2000.htm
Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
(Very complete, but slow)
http://gmr.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/Plantnames/Sorting/search.html
Foreign names
of mushrooms from the cookbook page of the
Mycological Society of San Francisco
(Some selected species, non-English names)
http://www.mssf.org/cookbook/foreign.html
Japanese
mushroom names
http://gmr.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/Plantnames/Sorting/Fungi_Japindex_kat1.html
Dutch mushroom
names, Netherland's Mycological Society
http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/users/kap/internet/index2.html
Société Mycologique deFrance, Les noms français
(French names for species in selected genera)
http://www.mycofrance.org/
Pilz Galerie
(German mushroom names and photos)
http://www.pilzepilze.de/piga/
Language Codes
International
Organization for StandardizationISO 639. Code for the representation
of the names of languages.
http://xml.coverpages.org/iso639a.html
Two
groups of edible mushrooms presented difficult choices for database
entries. Chanterelles are undergoing taxonomic revisions and morel
species are poorly defined and delineated.
The
chanterelle names and species in this database derive from a
not-yet-published report that should be available from the USDA
Forest Service in 2003 or 2004. The taxonomic determinations were
provided by Lorelei Norvell (and Eric Danell), but any errors in
transcribing the information into this database are the
responsibility of David Pilz.
The
citation for this publication will be:
Pilz, David; Norvell, Lorelei; Danell, Eric; Molina, Randy. (In
Press) Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle
mushrooms. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: US Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
XXX pp.
Morel taxonomy is simply a jumble. Many previous names are
incorrect or not published appropriately. Both scientific names and
common names overlap among species and many likely species have yet
to be described. Fortunately, all true morels (in the genus
Morchella) are choice edibles and commercially harvested throughout
the United States.
The states where each fungus in this database are listed as
occurring must be considered only approximations in many cases.
Much of this information was derived from field guides that give
vague information such as “widely distributed”, “eastern United
States”, “with pines”, etc. Multiple sources were checked for
distribution information, but we did not examine herbarium records
for actual collection information. Often, when a state is listed,
appropriate habitat for the mushroom might occur in only a small
portion of the state. For instance, high elevations in the southern
Appalachian Mountains of Georgia for species more commonly found in
northern states, or mushrooms associated with pines or oaks in
corners or small areas of the prairie states.
The best way to determine if a particular fungus occurs in your area
is to consult a local field guide or ask members of a local mushroom
club or mycological society. Some local field guides are listed
under the
Books and Articles section above, and a list of North American
Mycological Societies may be found on the web at:
http://www.mykoweb.com/na_mycos.html
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